Air Ionization theory by Friedemann Freund
GEOCOSMO SCIENCE
by pictures & explanation
The exploration of air ionization in the context of seismic activity reveals a complex interplay of geological and atmospheric forces. Friedemann Freund’s research posits that the activation of electronic charge carriers in rocks—known as positive holes or p-holes—plays a critical role in pre-earthquake phenomena. These charge carriers, once activated by tectonic stress, propagate to the Earth’s surface, where they interact with the air to produce intense ionization.
Diagram A contains on the left the boxes in the oval red circle. We do not plan to study those except that Gerassimos Papadopoulos may be interested in recording the microseismicity as part of this supportive analysis of seismological records.
Diagram A contains the right parameters for changes in the water. We plan to deploy cation/anion sensors and fluorescence sensors in all stations that have access to ground or well water.
(1) Ionospheric anomalies are typically detectable from days to weeks before major seismic events. They are expressed as increases in the Total Electron Content (TEC), which is best recorded at night when the effects of solar radiation on the ionosphere are less pronounced than during the day. TEC anomalies can be recorded by (i) GPS technology to reconstruct tomographic images of the ionosphere over seismically active regions; (ii) “over-the-horizon” FM radio wave transmission to detect changes in the morning or evening terminator times; and (iii) long-distance AM radio waves reflected off the ionosphere over the seismically active region.
(2) Thermal Infrared (TIR) anomalies express themselves as (i) radiative temperature increase of the Earth's surface and (ii) radiative temperature increase at the top of the clouds, also known as Long Wavelength Infrared anomalies. TIR anomalies mark the epicentral region and become detectable days to weeks before major earthquakes. Satellite-borne infrared imagers can detect them. Medium-resolution images can be obtained from MODIS on the NASA satellites TERRA and AQUA, each providing one data point during the day and one during the night per every 24 hours. Detection is also possible using geostationary weather satellite images, every 15-30 min, to record nighttime cooling curves.
(3) Anomalous CO release from the ground is currently retrievable from the MOPPIT sensor on board the NASA TERRA satellite providing daily global data.
Diagram B contains the green boxes. We expect to place ground potential sensors and tree potential sensors at all stations in rural areas.
Diagram B contains the light blue boxes. Stations with soil conductivity sensors will be placed at stations, maybe 20 out of 120, where we can similarly install the necessary ground electrodes to the Chinese have been doing it for decades. The trace gas sniffers for CO emission are to be combined with the ozone sniffers and air ionization sensors shown in Diagram C. As to the radon emission, we’ll wait until we hear to what extent we may be able to revitalize the network of radon sensing stations originally set up by Sedat Inan. Don’t pay attention to the last box with CO2, H2, and He which require mostly lab analysis.
(4) Increase in positive and negative air ion concentrations using networks of ground stations to measure air ionization, typically 100-200 km apart.
(5) Changes in the total magnetic field intensity, x, y, and z-components to be measured by ground stations typically less than 100 km apart.
(6) Emission of ultralow frequency (ULF) electromagnetic (EM) waves from the ground. Both of these unipolar pulses typically last between 100 msec and 1-2 sec. Continuous ULF wave trains last minutes to hours, and their x, y, and z-components can be measured by ground stations preferentially about 50 km apart.
(7) Regional changes in radio frequency noise at different frequencies from very low to medium-low (VLF-LF).
(8) Soil resistivity changes can be detected 1-2 m deep as measured by 4-point ground electrode systems, typically less than 100 km apart.
(9) Radon emanation from the soil by stations, typically less than 100 km apart.
(10) Changes in water chemistry at commercial and natural spring water bottling companies or from groundwater wells, typically 1-2 for every watershed.
Diagram C contains most boxes, but only a few refer to local ground station needs. The most important is the blue box for positive (and negative) air ionization, which we plan to measure at as many stations as possible. Linked to air ionization are the orange boxes for corona discharges which lead to ozone formation, TV signal perturbations, and more. Ozone sniffers will be co-located with CO sniffers on Diagram B. Corona discharges lead to broad-band radio noise and, hence, TV signal perturbations. It will be enough to equip maybe 20 sensors out of 120 total networks to detect those.
The yellow box for the Thermal Infrared Emission and all purple boxes refer to the information to be retrieved from satellite data – except for the Chromatic Shifts, for which it will be enough to deploy a camera with a fish-eye lens and sensitivity into the near-infrared at one or two locations. All other satellite information can be monitored at any location in California, Switzerland, Turkey, or anywhere else around the globe.